The caffeine (10%) helps stimulate microcirculation and reduce swelling, especially around the eyes.

Niacinamide (10%) is known to fade dark spots, reduce redness, and even out the skin tone. Bandari B

Niacinamide also helps regulate sebum production, which can help with oily or combination skin.

Helps minimize the appearance of enlarged pores and smoothens skin surface.

Added hyaluronic acid (and hydrating agents) help keep skin moisturized, plump, soft.

Niacinamide has anti-inflammatory properties and helps strengthen the skin’s barrier, making the skin more resilient.

Adenosine (if included) also helps with fine lines and firmness.